Award-winning Digital Lessons and Virtual Labs, enhanced by more than 3,000 videos, animations, and simulations, create learning that lasts by enriching the print program with complementary content. Open the door to a world of science beyond the classroom.
Saving valuable prep time, Content Refreshers for every lesson (in print and online) help keep teachers up to speed on science topics. Charts in the print planning pages break down key topics and learning goals. mySmartPlanner on the all-in-one online Teacher Dashboard supports flexible planning and customization, and the Digital Lessons and Labs offer easy access to unit- and lesson-level teaching resources.
Science Focus 8 Textbook Pdf 85
Through multiple complementary components, students have plenty of opportunities to build their skills in reading nonfiction, writing about science, and understanding scientific concepts. Science & Engineering Leveled Readers offer high-interest topics in a range of reading levels. ScienceSaurus Handbooks use illustration and clear explanations to support concepts. And write-in prompts in the print workbooks and online Student Editions promote writing and scientific thinking.
A wealth of Teacher Edition support helps instructors find just the right fusion of program components to develop science skills, concepts, and vocabulary through inquiry and application. Charts in the print program make lesson planning simple, and the Teacher Online Management Center supports easy delivery of the print and digital lessons, assignments, and assessments with reporting to make quick adjustments that ensure success.
This reports focuses on the findings of the impact study at Grade 7 in which one teacher with five different classes in New York State utilized one complete unit of the program. Statistically significant improvements were found for all students with the greatest improvements shown for students beginning at a low level.
The FCAT 2.0 Sample Test and Answer Key Books were produced to prepare students to take the tests in mathematics (grades 3-8) and reading (grades 3-10). Sample Test and Answer Key Books for grades 5 and 8 science are available on the Statewide Science Assessment page. The Sample Question Books are designed to help students become familiar with FCAT 2.0 questions and to offer students practice answering questions in different formats. The Sample Answer Keys are designed to be used by teachers to explain to students the answers and solutions to the questions in the Sample Question Books and to identify which Next Generation Sunshine State Standards benchmark is being tested by the question.
We accept papers using traditional social-personality psychology methods. However, we also strongly welcome innovative, theory-driven papers that utilize novel methods (e.g., biological methods, neuroscience, large-scale interventions, social network analyses, or "big data" approaches).
The editorial team of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology is committed to both transparency and rigor in conducting and reporting research. We believe that science advances through a cyclical and recursive process that includes both (i) a theory-building, exploratory/descriptive phase and (ii) a theory-testing, confirmatory phase. Further, we recognize that replication efforts are the part and parcel of the science that is empirically valid and socially responsible. We therefore support and encourage research that is informed by both phases. Guided by this overarching philosophy, we set out some concrete submission standards.
Personality psychologists focus on the ways that people differ from one another. Appreciating these differences is essential for the quality of research and theory that the field produces. Yet it is clear that currently, neither the authors nor the participants in our journals reflect the diversity of the populations we seek to understand. This affects the conclusions that one can draw from this work, while also having broader impacts on equity and inclusion in science and beyond. Thus, identifying steps to improve this situation will be an important goal for our team.
A textbook definition of sound is "a rapid variation of atmospheric pressure caused by some disturbance of the air." Sound propagates as a wave of positive pressure disturbances (compressions) and negative pressure disturbances (rarefactions), as shown in Figure 1. Sound can travel through any elastic medium (e.g., air, water, wood, metal).
Up to this point, this discussion has focused on sound pressure. Sound power, however, is an equally important concept. Sound power, usually measured in watts, is the amount of energy per unit of time that radiates from a source in the form of an acoustic wave. Generally, sound power cannot be measured directly, but modern instruments make it possible to measure the output at a point that is a known distance from the source.
Tinnitus, or "ringing in the ears," is a common byproduct of overexposure to noise and can occur after long-term exposure to high sound levels, or sometimes from short-term exposure to very high sound levels, such as gunshots. Other physical and physiological conditions are also known to cause tinnitus. Regardless of the cause, this condition is actually a disturbance produced by the inner ear and interpreted by the brain as sound. Individuals with tinnitus describe it as a hum, buzz, roar, ring, or whistle, which can be short term or permanent. Noise-exposed workers may not associate tinnitus with noise exposure or be aware that tinnitus may be an early indicator of overexposure to noise. Hearing conservation training is often focused on noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and may not address tinnitus awareness and prevention adequately.
A user must understand and apply the principles of room acoustics when adding sound-absorbing materials to the walls and ceiling to reduce the noise levels throughout the room. If a user installs sound absorption in a room without putting any science behind the decision, then the likelihood of success will be tenuous at best.
This section describes several types of engineering noise controls, focusing on the different ways various materials can be used to reduce a receiver's noise exposure. Noise is typically generated either by the surface motion of a vibrating solid material or by turbulence in a fluid, including air. All engineering control options either reduce the amount of noise generated by these events or interfere with the path between the noise source and the receiver.
Near the end of the 20th century, the year 2000 problem (Y2K) was the focus of significant COBOL programming effort, sometimes by the same programmers who had designed the systems decades before. The particular level of effort required to correct COBOL code has been attributed to the large amount of business-oriented COBOL, as business applications use dates heavily, and to fixed-length data fields.[109] Some studies attribute as much as "24% of Y2K software repair costs to Cobol".[110] After the clean-up effort put into these programs for Y2K, a 2003 survey found that many remained in use.[111]The authors said that the survey data suggest "a gradual decline in the importance of COBOL in application development over the [following] 10 years unless ... integration with other languages and technologies can be adopted".[112]
The ALTER statement was poorly regarded because it undermined "locality of context" and made a program's overall logic difficult to comprehend.[157] As textbook author Daniel D. McCracken wrote in 1976, when "someone who has never seen the program before must become familiar with it as quickly as possible, sometimes under critical time pressure because the program has failed ... the sight of a GO TO statement in a paragraph by itself, signaling as it does the existence of an unknown number of ALTER statements at unknown locations throughout the program, strikes fear in the heart of the bravest programmer."[157]
Later, COBOL suffered from a shortage of material covering it; it took until 1963 for introductory books to appear (with Richard D. Irwin publishing a college textbook on COBOL in 1966).[185] By 1985, there were twice as many books on FORTRAN and four times as many on BASIC as on COBOL in the Library of Congress.[123] University professors taught more modern, state-of-the-art languages and techniques instead of COBOL which was said to have a "trade school" nature.[186] Donald Nelson, chair of the CODASYL COBOL committee, said in 1984 that "academics ... hate COBOL" and that computer science graduates "had 'hate COBOL' drilled into them".[187]
The focus on portability and standardization meant programs written in COBOL could be portable and facilitated the spread of the language to a wide variety of hardware platforms and operating systems.[196] Additionally, the well-defined division structure restricts the definition of external references to the Environment Division, which simplifies platform changes in particular.[197]
Chromatic dispersion is the dependence of focal length on the wavelength of light. Conventional, bulky lenses are based on refraction and exhibit positive dispersion (higher frequencies have smaller focal lengths). Diffractive focusing elements (such as Fresnel zone plates) exhibit the opposite (negative) dispersion52. In imaging systems, both types of dispersion lead to a degradation of image quality due to blurring, an effect known as chromatic aberration. In both schemes, chromatic aberration correction can be achieved by careful design of a composite system of numerous optical elements, with the drawbacks of increased complexity, size, weight, and cost.
Diffractive lenses have an advantage over refractive lenses in that they are flat and lightweight and can be fabricated with conventional nanofabrication techniques at low cost. However, these lenses have a much lower focusing efficiency due to the presence of high diffractive orders. Metalenses can be thought of as diffractive lenses with only one diffractive order, which eliminates this disadvantage while inheriting all the advantages of a conventional diffractive element over their bulky, refractive counterparts. Furthermore, the meta-units comprising metalenses are vastly more tailorable than those that make up simple diffractive elements (e.g., gratings), opening up the possibility to correct chromatic aberration in a single optical element. 2ff7e9595c
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